Black England: A Forgotten Georgian History

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Bubonic plague was spread by rats, which were commonly found in homes, villages and towns due to poor hygiene conditions such as raw sewage being routinely dumped in streets. If a flea that had bitten an infected rat jumped onto a person and bit them, it would transmit bubonic plague. Archbishop Zouche of York issued a warning throughout the diocese in July 1348 (when the epidemic was raging further south) of "great mortalities, pestilences and infections of the air". The first-known case in England was a seaman who arrived at Weymouth, Dorset, from Gascony in June 1348. [1] By autumn, the plague had reached London, and by summer 1349 it covered the entire country, before dying down by December. Low estimates of mortality in the early twentieth century have been revised upwards due to re-examination of data and new information, and a figure of 40–60 percent of the population is widely accepted. The three were Gonville and Caius (1348), Trinity Hall (1350) and Corpus Christi (1352); Herlihy 1997, pp.69–70

Binns, Daniel. "Britain's salute to our health service heroes enters a fourth week". Metro Newspaper UK . Retrieved 22 April 2020.Ancient DNA reveals complex life stories from the beginnings of English history". University of Central Lancashire. 6 October 2022 . Retrieved 10 January 2023. Rose, Sonya (May 2001). "Race, empire and British wartime national identity, 1939–45". Historical Research. 74 (184): 220–37. doi: 10.1111/1468-2281.00125. PMID 18161216. UK riots: Vigilantes clash with 1,000 riot police in Eltham". Metro. 11 August 2011. Archived from the original on 24 June 2019 . Retrieved 24 June 2019. Taylor, Bankole Kamara (February 2014). Sierra Leone: The Land, Its People and History. New Africa Press. p.68. ISBN 9789987160389. Thesis". mirandakaufmann.com. Archived from the original on 4 December 2013 . Retrieved 29 November 2013.

Census data gives the government the information it needs to plan and run public services. It is also used as a benchmark for other statistical estimates, and can help illustrate differences between various groups in the population. It is conspicuous how well the English government handled the crisis of the mid-fourteenth century, without descending into chaos and total collapse in the manner of the Valois government of France. [80] To a large extent this was the accomplishment of administrators such as Treasurer William de Shareshull and Chief Justice William Edington, whose highly competent leadership guided the governance of the nation through the crisis. [80] The plague's greatest effect on the government was probably in the field of war, where no major campaigns were launched in France until 1355. [81] Mortimer (2013). The Time Traveller's Guide to Elizabethan England. Random House UK. p.120. ISBN 9780099542070.The discovery that germs cause disease was not made until the 1800s. This meant there was a wide range of beliefs about what might be causing plague. Some of these were based on natural causes, such as miasma caused by the waste and poor sanitary conditions in towns. Woman With Great Literary Mind". Cumberland and Westmorland Herald. 11 January 2003. Archived from the original on 14 February 2020 . Retrieved 19 May 2020.

This dataset provides Census 2021 estimates that classify usual residents in England and Wales by ethnic group. The estimates are as at Census Day, 21 March 2021. Despite the scale of the fatalities, there is evidence that there was some sort of organised response from local government. Mass graves of victims have been found from the Middle Ages. The way the bodies are carefully laid in side by side suggests bodies were treated respectfully and in a dignified way. Rasmussen, S (2015). "Early divergent strains of Yersinia pestis in Eurasia 5,000 years ago". Cell. 163 (3): 571–82. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.10.009. PMC 4644222. PMID 26496604. The number of people choosing to specify their ethnic group through the "Other ethnic group: Any other ethnic group" write-in response option (924,000, 1.6%) almost tripled since 2011 (333,000, 0.6%). The largest ethnic groups within the "Other ethnic group: Any other ethnic group" write-in response option for England and Wales included "Sikh" (77,000, 0.1%), "Hispanic or Latin American" (76,000, 0.1%) and "Kurdish" (76,000, 0.1%). Picard, Liza (23 May 2013). Elizabeth's London: Everyday Life in Elizabethan London. Orion. ISBN 9781780226507.Following its success in 2007 on TV show Dragons' Den, the Levi Roots brand has grown into a multi-million pound enterprise. [344] Ignatius Sancho (c1729–1780): The Composer". The Abolition Project. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Aarons, Ed (25 March 2018). "Football pioneer and war hero Walter Tull may be honoured at last". The Observer. Archived from the original on 5 April 2018. THE LIFE OF SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS". knowtheromans.co.uk. Archived from the original on 7 February 2019.

United Kingdom census (2011). "Table KS201EW – Ethnic group, local authorities in England and Wales". Office for National Statistics. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013 . Retrieved 24 April 2015. Some say the wells are being poisoned. People have been trying lots of different things to try and cure themselves of this terrible disease. People rub themselves with onions and herbs. I even saw a young man rubbing himself with a dead pigeon he had cut up. They sometimes drink poisons or vinegars to try and kill the illness. They sit near fires trying to sweat the disease out. I truly hope that some of the people I've been trying to help will soon recover. Common Law". Miranda Kaufmann. Archived from the original on 4 December 2013 . Retrieved 22 March 2014. a b Sandiford, Keith A. (1988). Measuring the Moment: Strategies of Protest in Eighteenth-century Afro-English Writing. Susquehanna University Press/Associated University Presses. p.18. ISBN 9780941664790.a b "MS-B01: Ethnic group". Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. 22 September 2022 . Retrieved 7 January 2023. Berlin, Ira, Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America, Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1998 pbk, p. 39. Jofra Archer and Dina Asher-Smith win big at British Ethnic Diversity Sports Awards". Sky Sports . Retrieved 17 April 2020. Bland, L. (2005). "White Women and Men of Colour: Miscegenation Fears in Britain after the Great War". Gender & History. 17: 29. doi: 10.1111/j.0953-5233.2005.00371.x. S2CID 143187996. Gelder, Sam (23 April 2020). "Campaigner launches fundraiser to support BAME communities affected by coronavirus". Hampstead Highgate Express. Archived from the original on 27 April 2020 . Retrieved 23 April 2020.